SunFlowers

Sunflowers in the bud stage exhibit heliotropism. At sunrise, the faces of most sunflowers are turned towards the east. Over the course of the day, they follow the sun from east to west, while at night they return to an eastward orientation. This motion is performed by motor cells in the pulvinus, a flexible segment of the stem just below the bud. As the bud stage ends, the stem stiffens and the blooming stage is reached. Sunflowers in their blooming stage lose their heliotropic capacity. The stem becomes "frozen", typically in an eastward orientation.^{[citation needed]} The stem and leaves lose their green color. The wild sunflower typically does not turn toward the sun; its flowering heads may face many directions when mature. However, the leaves typically exhibit some heliotropism. Growing near Fargo, North Dakota.

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The sunflower is native to the Americas. The evidence thus far is that it was first domesticated in Mexico, by at least 2600 BC.^[7] It may have been domesticated a second time in the middle Mississippi Valley, or been introduced there from Mexico at an early date, as maize was. The earliest known examples of a fully domesticated sunflower north of Mexico have been found in Tennessee and date to around 2300 BC. Many indigenous American peoples used the sunflower as the symbol of their solar deity, including the Aztecs and the Otomi of Mexico and the Incas in South America. Francisco Pizarro was the first European to encounter the sunflower in Tahuantinsuyo, Peru. Gold images of the flower, as well as seeds, were taken back to Spain early in the 16th century. Some researchers argue that the Spaniards tried to suppress cultivation of the sunflower because of its association with solar religion and warfare.^[8] During the 18th century, the use of sunflower oil became very popular in Europe, particularly with members of the Russian Orthodox Church because sunflower oil was one of the few oils that was not prohibited during Lent.

History Greenhouse

The idea of growing plants in environmentally controlled areas has existed since Roman times. The Roman emperor Tiberius ate a cucumber-like^[4] vegetable daily. The Roman gardeners used artificial methods (similar to the greenhouse system) of growing to have it available for his table every day of the year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, then taken inside to keep them warm at night.^[5] The cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with either oiled cloth known as "specularia" or with sheets of mica, according to the description by Pliny the Elder.^[6]

The first modern greenhouses were built in Italy in the thirteenth century^[7] to house the exotic plants that explorers brought back from the tropics. They were originally called giardini botanici (botanical gardens). The concept of greenhouses soon spread to the Netherlands and then England, along with the plants. Some of these early attempts required enormous amounts of work to close up at night or to winterize. There were serious problems with providing adequate and balanced heat in these early greenhouses.

Charles Lucien Bonaparte, a French botanist, is often credited^[who?] with building the first practical modern greenhouse in Leiden, Holland to grow medicinal tropical plants.^{[citation needed]}

Originally on the estates of the rich, with the growth of the science of botany greenhouses spread to the universities. The French called their first greenhouses orangeries, since they were used to protect orange trees from freezing. As pineapples became popular pineries, or pineapple pits, were built. Experimentation with the design of greenhouses continued during the Seventeenth Century in Europe as technology produced better glass and construction techniques improved. The greenhouse at the Palace of Versailles was an example of their size and elaborateness; it was more than 500 feet long, 42 feet wide, and 45 feet high.

In the nineteenth Century the largest greenhouses were built. The conservatory at Kew Gardens in England is a prime example of the Victorian greenhouse. Although intended for both horticultural and non-horticultural exhibition these included London's Crystal Palace, the New York Crystal Palace and Munich’s Glaspalast. Joseph Paxton, who had experimented with glass and iron in the creation of large greenhouses as the head gardener at Chatsworth, in Derbyshire, working for the Duke of Devonshire, designed and built the first, London's Crystal Palace. A major architectural achievement in monumental greenhouse building were the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (1874-1895) for King Leopold II of Belgium.

In Japan, the first greenhouse was built in 1880 by Samuel Cocking, a British merchant who exported herbs.

In the Twentieth Century the geodesic dome was added to the many types of greenhouses. A notable example is the Eden Project, in Cornwall.

lern more Greenhouse Gardener's Companion, Revised: Growing Food & Flowers in Your Greenhouse or Sunspace

Alamanda Flower

Allamanda, also known as Yellow Bell, Golden Trumpet or Buttercup Flower, is a genus of shrubs or vines of tropical dogbane family (Apocynaceae).

The genus Alamanda is native to South and Central America. Alamanda genus is native to South and Central America. Their year-round production of large, bright flowers have made the Allamanda popular ornamentals. Throughout the year they produce a large, bright flowers have made Allamanda popular ornamentals.

A woody, evergreen shrub with vigorous growth, Allamanda may reach a free-standing height of 2 meters or more. A timber, evergreen shrub with strong growth, Allamanda free standing can reach a height of 2 meters or more. The leathery leaves are lancelike, pointed, and may either be opposite or in whorls of three or four. Lancelike rough leaves, pointed, and may also be contrary to or whorls of three or four. The yellow, trumpet-shaped flowers are 5-7.5 Centimeters in diameter; cultivated forms tend towards larger blooms which may also be white, purple, pink or orange in color. Yellow, trumpet-shaped flowers with a diameter of 5-7,5 cm; cultivated tend to form larger flowers which may also be white, purple, pink or orange color. Their scent may be described as delicate and fruity. The smell of them can be described as soft and fruity.

In the wild, Allamanda grow along riverbanks and other open, sunny areas with adequate rainfall and perpetually moist substrate. In the wild, Allamanda grow along riverbanks and other open, sunny areas with adequate rainfall and constantly wet substrate. The plants do not tolerate shade, salty or alkaline soils; they are highly sensitive to frost. Plants do not tolerate shade, salty or alkaline soil, they are very sensitive to frost. Allamanda are otherwise undemanding and with appropriate conditions will grow rapidly, from 1-3 meters annually. Allamanda otherwise light and with appropriate conditions will grow rapidly, 1-3 meters per year. The seed capsules are oval and prickly; cultivated forms rarely produce seeds, but Allamanda are easily propagated from cuttings. Seed capsules oval and prickly; cultivated forms rarely produce seeds, but Allamanda easily propagated from cuttings. Discarded cuttings are quick to take root. Cuttings rooted quickly discarded.

Allamanda have become naturalized throughout the Tropics; they may be seen in Roadside ditches, abandoned yards and dumps. Allamanda has become naturalized throughout the tropics, they can be seen in roadside ditches, abandoned yards and sadness. As a controlling measure, cutting is ineffecive with Allamanda and will lead to vigorous coppicing. As a control measure, cutting is ineffecive with Allamanda and will result in strong coppicing. Owing to its fast growth, Allamanda has been introduced widely where it is used as a groundcover or for Hedges and screens. Because of rapid growth, Allamanda has been introduced widely where it is used as a groundcover or to fence and screen. In some areas Allamanda are an invasive species, notably Allamanda cathartica in Queensland, Australia. In some areas Allamanda is an invasive species, especially Allamanda cathartica in Queensland, Australia.

Allamanda cathartica is also notable for its medicinal properties: all parts of the plant contain allamandin, a toxic iridoid lactone. Allamanda cathartica is also notable because of the nature of the drug: all parts of the plant contain allamandin, toxic iridoid lactone. The leaves, roots and flowers may be used in the preparation of a powerful cathartic (hence the name); the Milky sap is also known to possess antibacterial and possibly anticancer properties. Leaves, roots and flowers can be used in the preparation of a strong cathartic (hence the name); sap milk is also known to have antibacterial and anticancer properties might be. Gardeners exposed to the sap will develop rashes, Itch, and blisters. Garden infected sap will develop a rash, itching, and blisters.

The genus name derives from Allamanda Dr. Frederich Allamanda (1735-1803), a Swiss botanist of the late 18th century. Allamanda genus name comes from Dr. Frederich Allamanda (1735-1803), a Swiss botanist of the late 18th century.

The City of Canóvanas in the Caribbean Island of Puerto Rico, has named the Allamanda Carthica (Yellow Bell's) it's official flower / plant due to the Vast amount of these thru the entire city and it's rivers. Canóvanas Cities in the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico, has been named Allamanda Carthica (Yellow Bell) is the official flower / plant due to the large amount through the whole city and the rivers that. It's also in their seals and downtown plaza. This is also in their seals and the square downtown.

Morfologi Of Flowers

Stems and flowers are modified leaves. This modification caused by the production of enzymes stimulated by a number of specific fitohormon. Formation of tight flowers are genetically controlled and in many types of environmental changes induced by some, such as low temperature, long exposure, and the availability of water (see article Formation of flowers).

Flowers nearly always symmetrical, which often can be used as a taxon penciri. There are two forms of symmetry based interest form: aktinomorf ( "throwing stars", the radial symmetry) and zigomorf (mirror symmetry). Aktinomorf form more common. Religiosa Crateva flowering plants perfect: a stamen and pistillum.

Flower is the perfect flower if you have the means of male (stamens) and female tool (stigmas) together in a single organ. Flowers are so-called transvestite or hermaphrodite flowers. An interest rate is said complete if it has all the main parts of flowers. Four main sections of interest (from the outside in) are as follows:

* Flower petals or calyx;
* The crown of flowers or a corolla is usually thin and can be colored to attract insects that help the process of pollination;
* Male genitals or androecium (from the Greek Andros oikia: man's house) in the form of the stamens;
* The female genitals or the gynoecium (from Greek gynaikos oikia: "woman's house") of the pistil.

Female reproductive organ is the fruit or the leaves on the stem carpellum that there would be fruit (ovary) with one or several seeds will (ovulum, plural ovules) which brings female gametes) in the embryo sac. At the end of the pistil is the stigma or the stigma to receive pollen or pollen. Pistil stalk or stylus serves as a way for pollen to be going to the fruit.

Although the structure of interest described above as the structure of plants is said that "common", plant species showed a highly variable modifications. This modification is used botanical to make connections between plants with one another. For example, the two subclass of flowering plants are distinguished by the number of organs interest: dikotil plants generally have 4 or 5 organs (or multiples of 4 or 5) while the monocot plant has three organs or multiplication.